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<title>Below Poverty Line</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Below Poverty Line</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">Poverty threshold</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Below Poverty Line</b> is a benchmark used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states. The present criteria are based on a survey conducted in 2002. Going into a survey due for a decade, India's central government is undecided on criteria to identify families below poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-Moyna_you_are_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyna_you_are-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Internationally, an income of less than ₹150 per day per head of <a href="Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> is defined as <a href="Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a>. By this estimate, about 12.4% of Indians are extremely poor as of year 2012. Income-based poverty lines consider the bare minimum income to provide basic food requirements; it does not account for other essentials such as health care and education.<sup id="cite_ref-pewb2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pewb2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As there is no update of population estimate by the government since 2011, the data on poor people in India is not available. Estimates vary from 34 million to 373 million.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_method_of_population">Current method of population</h2></div>

<p>Criteria are different for the rural and urban areas. In its <a href="Tenth_Five-Year_Plan_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Five-Year Plan (India)">Tenth Five-Year Plan</a>, the degree of deprivation is measured with the help of parameters with scores given from 0–4, with 13 parameters. Families with 17 marks or less (formerly 15 marks or less) out of a maximum 52 marks have been classified as BPL. Poverty line solely depends on the per capita income in India rather than level of prices.<sup id="cite_ref-pbplanning_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbplanning-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-priasoft_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priasoft-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Five-Year_Plans">Five-Year Plans</h2></div>

<p>In its <a href="Ninth_Five-Year_Plan_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Five-Year Plan (India)">Ninth Five-Year Plan</a> (1995–2002), BPL for rural areas was set at annual <a href="Family_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Family income">family income</a> less than <a href="Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Rs.</a> 20,000, less than two hectares land, and no television or <a href="Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerator</a>. The number of rural BPL families was 650,000 during the 9th Plan. The survey based on this criterion was again carried out in 2002 and the total number of 387,000 families were identified. This figure was in force until September 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-pbplanning_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbplanning-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There were debates around the comparability of the 1999-2000 NSS data with the 2004-05 data, especially for the rural areas. Data showed a decline in poverty from 36% to 28%, but higher poverty rates in certain areas. Different groups proposed different methods of measuring poverty, but the Planning Commission chose the Tendulkar Committee's method that "updated the expenditure basket and revised the poverty line and consequently estimated the percentage of poor people in India at 37% or 435 million in 2004–05.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In its <a href="Tenth_Five-Year_Plan_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Five-Year Plan (India)">Tenth Five-Year Plan</a> (2002–2007) survey, BPL for rural areas was based on the degree of deprivation in respect of 13 parameters, with scores from 0–4: <a href="Landholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Landholder">landholding</a>, type of house, clothing, <a href="Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, <a href="Consumer_durable" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer durable">consumer durables</a>, <a href="Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> status, labour force, means of <a href="Livelihood" title="Livelihood">livelihood</a>, status of children, type of indebtedness, reasons for <a href="Human_migration" title="Human migration">migrations</a>, etc.

</p><p>The <a href="Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</a> fixed an upper limit of 326,000 for rural BPL families on the basis of a simple survey. Accordingly, families having less than 15 marks out of maximum 52 marks have been classified as BPL and their number works out to 318,000. The survey was carried out in 2002 and thereafter but could not be finalised due to a <a href="Stay_of_proceedings" title="Stay of proceedings">stay</a> issued by the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>. The stay was <a href="Vacated_judgment" title="Vacated judgment">vacated</a> in February 2006 and this survey was finalised and adopted in September 2006. This survey formed the basis for benefits under Indian government schemes. The state governments are free to adopt any criteria/survey for state-level schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-pbplanning_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbplanning-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In its Tenth Five-Year Plan BPL for urban areas was based on degree of deprivation in respect of seven parameters: roof, <a href="Floor" title="Floor">floor</a>, water, sanitation, education level, type of employment, and status of children in a house. A total of 125,000 upper families were identified as BPL in urban area in 2004. It has been implemented since then.<sup id="cite_ref-pbplanning_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbplanning-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Those spending over Rs 32 a day in rural areas and Rs 47 in towns and cities should not be considered poor, an expert panel headed by former RBI governor C Rangarajan said in a report submitted to the BJP.

The recommendation has only raised the bar marginally.

</p><p>Based on the Suresh Tendulkar panel's recommendations in 2011–12, the poverty line had been fixed at Rs 27 in rural areas and Rs 33 in urban areas, levels at which getting two meals may be difficult.

</p><p>The Rangarajan committee was tasked with revisiting the Tendulkar formula for estimation of poverty and identification of the poor after a massive public outcry erupted over the abnormally low poverty lines fixed by UPA government

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_case_of_Kerala">The case of Kerala</h2></div>

<p>Beginning in the 1990s, the government of Kerala started utilizing a multidimensional approach to measuring poor households in the state. This method, called the Kerala method was developed by NGOs and then executed through the local governments called panchayats. This method employs nine parameters as core indicators, and eight more criteria to measure poverty in the state. The core indicators of poverty are related to housing, caste/tribe, source of income, presence of babies, presence of drug addicts, literacy, and sanitation in the household. The additional indicators are composed of socio-cultural factors unique to local regions. Each of the indicators are weighted unequally and severity of each is taken into account. This method was created by involving neighborhood groups called "ayalkoottangal". This approach is viewed as bottom-up because the local people were engaged in the creation of this approach and selection of indicators of poverty; this marked the Kerala method as more participatory than the BPL.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In Kerala, there are nine parameters. Families which lack access to four or more parameters are classified as BPL.

</p><p>The nine parameters for urban areas are:

</p>

<ul><li>No land or less than five <a href="Acre" title="Acre">cents</a> of land</li>

<li>No house or dilapidated house</li>

<li>No <a href="Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> <a href="Latrine" title="Latrine">latrine</a></li>

<li>Family with an <a href="Literacy" title="Literacy">illiterate</a> family member</li>

<li>No regular employed person in the family</li>

<li>No access to safe <a href="Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a></li>

<li>Women-headed household or presence of widows or divorcee</li>

<li><a href="Scheduled_castes_and_scheduled_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes">Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes</a> (SC/ST)</li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Mentally retarded</a> or <a href="Disability" title="Disability">disabled</a> member in the family</li></ul>

<p>Kerala experienced significant changes in its social welfare system for people living below the poverty line. Before 1997, nearly 95% of Kerala's families held a ration card and were able to reap the benefits of the Public Distribution System (PDS). The beneficiaries were 'equitably spread across income groups in both rural and urban areas.' Fair price shops were conveniently located in both urban and rural spaces, and 'no individual needed to walk more than 2 km' to access rice and wheat. The PDS system of Kerala was among the most effective in the entire nation and as a result, Kerala was among the top states in lowering overall poverty.

</p><p>In 1997, the Indian government changed the PDS to focus on the poorest families; PDS became Targeted PDS. The government issued new cards to families living below the poverty line and restricted access to the fair price shops to the beneficiaries of the TDPS only. While the BPL counted 25% of Kerala's families as eligible for the PDS, the Kerala government identified 42% of the population as poor households and beneficiaries of the BPL. Due to this discrepancy, the state itself provided subsidies from its own budget. But due to the new schemes, constant changes and variance in prices led to confusion among the beneficiaries. With higher <a href="Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> for people living above the poverty line, many ration shops lost business.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Income_based_poverty_line_in_India">Income based poverty line in India</h2></div>

<p>The poverty line was originally fixed in terms of income/food requirements in 2000. It was stipulated that the calorie standard for a typical individual in rural areas was 2400 <a href="Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> and was 2100 calorie in urban areas. Then the cost of the grains (about 650 g) that fulfil this normative standard was calculated. This cost was the poverty line. In 1978, it was Rs. 61.80 per person per month for rural areas and Rs. 71.30 for urban areas. And Since then the Planning Commission calculates the poverty line every year adjusting for inflation. The poverty line in recent years is as follows –

(Rs. per month per head)

</p>

<th>Year

</th>

<th>India rural

</th>

<th>India urban

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>2000–2001

</td>

<td>328

</td>

<td>454

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2005–2006

</td>

<td>368

</td>

<td>558

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2011–2012

</td>

<td>816

</td>

<td>1000

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>This income is bare minimum to support the food requirements and does not provide much for the other basic essential items like health, education etc. That is why sometimes the poverty lines have been described as starvation lines.<sup id="cite_ref-pbplanning_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbplanning-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fixing_of_cut-off_marks_at_17">Fixing of cut-off marks at 17</h2></div>

<p>The Socio Economic Survey conducted during 2002 was based on 13 Socio economic

indicators (enlisted by Government of India ) indicating the quality of life and by Score-based ranking for all households. Each of the indicators have 0–4 marks. Thus for 13 indicators, the tentative marks obtained by the families are from 0–52 for all the Districts. The <a href="Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in Writ Petition No. 196/2001 filed by <a href="People's_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a>, the result of Below Poverty Line census 2002 need not be finalised. Later in October 2005 the Government of India informed that based on the advice given by the Additional <a href="Solicitor_General_of_India" title="Solicitor General of India">Solicitor General</a>, it has been decided to finalise the results of Below Poverty Line Census 2002 without deleting the Below Poverty Line families already existing in the Below Poverty Line list of Below Poverty Line Census 1997 and to follow the following procedure for finalisation of Below Poverty Line list.

</p>

<ol><li>Preparation of Below Poverty Line list</li>

<li>Approval in <a href="Panchayat_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat Raj">Gram Sabha</a></li>

<li>Appeal to <a href="Block_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Block (administrative division)">Block Development Officer</a> and <a href="District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">Collector</a>.</li>

<li>Display of Final List</li></ol>

<p>The Government of India then decided that the Below Poverty Line list for 2002 could be finalised as per original guidelines. The Director of Rural Development and <a href="Panchayat_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat Raj">Panchayat Raj</a> stated that in the Below Poverty Line survey done in 1991 out of 8,433,000 Rural families 3,446,000 families were identified as Below Poverty Line families. In the Below Poverty Line survey done in the year 1999 out of 9,388,000 rural families 2,737,000 families were identified as Below Poverty Line families. He has stated that if the cut off mark is fixed as 16 the total number of families would be 2,548,000

families against the total families of 8,665,000 which is lesser than the number of families indicated by Government of India viz. 2,677,000 families. If the cut off mark is fixed as 17 marks, then the total the number of Below Poverty line families would be 3,051,000. This is marginally above the number of families indicated by Government of India. i.e. 2,677,000 families. He has therefore recommended that the cut off marks to arrive at the number of Below Poverty Line families may be fixed at 17 so that no Below Poverty Line family gets left out of the list and requested orders of

Government in this regard. The Government after detailed examination has decided to accept the proposal of the Director of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj and accordingly order to fix the cut off mark as 17 for identification of a family as Below Poverty Line family.8. The Director of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj is requested to take necessary

further action for finalisation of Below Poverty Line List for rural areas of this state as per the procedure laid down by Government of India.<sup id="cite_ref-priasoft_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-priasoft-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BPL_Beneficiaries"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creatorweb.in/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80-2018-bpl-list-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE/">BPL</a> Beneficiaries</h2></div>

<p>Certain groups, specifically those under Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST), suffer from exclusion in the poverty debates. While the National Sample Survey (NSS) data showed a decline in overall poverty from 36% in 1993–94 to 28% in 2004–05, the numbers told a different story for areas with tribal populations. The 2004-05 NSS also showed that "the average consumption of Adivasis (ST) was a mere 70% of the average, and that of Dalits (SC) less than 80% of the average." This census also showed that STs and SCs make up a large proportion of India's poor. The government's programmes for these groups tend to be executed not as strongly and also tend to progress very slowly. STs and SCs also suffer from displacement, caste-based violence and discrimination in education and employment. States hold the power to make special arrangements for these groups through "reserved seats" in educational institutions and special grants and scholarships. In addition, certain "income generation programs" along with financial organizations that provide coaching in "entrepreneurial skills" do exist for these groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A certain number of government jobs are set aside for these minority groups as well. A study found that in an area where member of SC/ST groups are assigned roles of leadership, more funds are allocated towards welfare programs. In other words, political representation of the poor makes a huge impact on allocation of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other programs available for the beneficiaries of BPL include: Sarva Shikhsa Abhiyan (SSA), the National Rural Health Mission, National Rural Employment Guarantee. SSA works to bring education to children from poor families and incorporates community work and organization. The NRHM focuses on accessibility to health care in some of the poorest areas of India, and encourages education and uplifting of Adivasi and Dalit women. The NREG "implies a legal entitlement for every poor rural family to 100 days of work at the minimum wage, and aims to end food insecurity, empower village communities, and create assets".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_BPL_criteria">Criticism of BPL criteria</h2></div>

<p>The National Sample Survey Office originally focused on capturing absolute poverty by looking at the per capita consumption as representative of the overall welfare of individuals. This left out factors that are involved in individual social and economic well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors are the non-income dimensions of poverty – such as education, religious factors. gender related problems, and issues surrounding employment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the measures of poverty in India show reduction in the numbers, the gap of inequality has actually increased among the rich and the poor; that is exactly why examining factors other than income are crucial to understanding the reality of both absolute and relative poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The BPL method employed to measure the number of people living in poverty in India takes food, clothing, housing, and sanitation into account along with literacy and labor status. This approach is top-down, meaning that officials in power decide what indicators to use and how much each indicator should weigh. This method is criticised to be exclusive of the people it is assessing, as it does not take their opinions into account.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The food indicator of the BPL method counts the number of meals a family has and completely ignores the quality and nutritional factors. For instance, if an individual eats by begging on the street or picks up food from garbage, he or she still earns four points. There is an emphasis on school attendance as an indicator of better opportunities; quality of education and skills is ignored measuring poverty.

</p><p>Physical and mental disability are also factors that the BPL does not take into account. As government records show, there are a total of 11.31 lakh disabled people in the state of Madhya Pradesh, 8.9 lakh of which live below the poverty line; yet only 3.8 lakh receive government help in the form of social security pension.

</p><p>In order to become a beneficiary of the BPL and receive benefits like the Public Distribution System, the government requires identification documents and a permanent address. For families that are homeless and reside on pavements and parks, they have no means of obtaining ration cards and cheap food grains. They are essentially denied their rights as citizens and left vulnerable in a critical situation.

</p><p>The BPL also does not count families that are affected by violence and crime and affected by conditions like HIV and leprosy. These families may be struggling to make ends meet but do not receive benefits of the BPL due to the criteria of the BPL.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p><a href="Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Marxist Communist party</a> member and Social activist Mariam Dhavale, State secretary of the <a href="All_India_Democratic_Women's_Association" title="All India Democratic Women's Association">All India Democratic Women's Association</a> (AIDWA), finds the criteria for determining BPL status puzzling and one that excludes the deserving.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

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</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If you have a <a href="Pucca_housing" title="Pucca housing">pucca house</a>, a two-wheeler, a fan… you are ineligible. The pucca house could have been in your family for generations and is not necessarily a reflection of your present situation. There was a government scheme once in which girls were given cycles to ensure they went to schools. Because the girls had a cycle they were not counted as BPL</p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_of_misuse_of_BPL_Schemes">Example of misuse of BPL Schemes</h2></div>

<p>Corruption in the system allows those ineligible to gain benefits of the BPL status. A chain of corruption exists between the Government officer to the government appointed retailer resulting in grain and fuel been diverted to the <a href="Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In some places, it has been reported that for the sake of their votes, some corrupt MLA's and officials made government employees gain benefits under BPL scheme. An approach to combat corruption is to attempt linkage with Aadhar

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_survey">New survey</h2></div>

<p>Central Government took a departure from the earlier practice of getting surveys conducted by the rural development machinery of different State Governments, for identification of families below the poverty line. The earlier practice, of identifying a single set of target families for all developmental programmes, has been done away with. This was partly necessitated by an interim stay order given by the Supreme Court for 10th and 11th five year plans. The trend is now increasingly to have development schemes run on the principle of universalisation or saturation or self-selection. This means following a priority list for each scheme, rather than following a single list of identified families for all schemes. For example, the people who put in manual work under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act need not belong to families below the poverty line. Whoever is within the specified age bracket and is willing to get enrolled, can get covered. Similarly, the beneficiaries under National Food Security Act are identified by the State/UT Governments, with the ceiling/ coverage under TPDS determined for each State/UT by the central Government. This list of families can be different from the priority list used for rural housing programmes under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Grameen), which runs on the basis of whether a person has or does not have a pucca house, based on SECC survey of 2011. Similarly, the rural electrification programme Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana had the concept of below poverty line families. But the new approach of Soubhagya scheme is to make no discrimination based on the poverty line, but to go on the basis of households that do not have electricity connection. In the maternity benefit scheme renamed as Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, there is automatic and universal coverage, without any mention of whether a pregnant woman is below the poverty line or not. ( See Ministry of Women and Child Development at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/PMMVY%20Scheme%20Implemetation%20Guidelines%20._0.pdf">http://www.wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/PMMVY%20Scheme%20Implemetation%20Guidelines%20._0.pdf</a>) However, there is still lack of clarity on fully integrating SECC data of 2011 with old age pension/ widow pension/ disability pension schemes. This is because the guidelines of National Social Assistance Programme still speak about list of families below the poverty line. (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nsap.nic.in/Guidelines/nsap_guidelines_oct2014.pdf">http://nsap.nic.in/Guidelines/nsap_guidelines_oct2014.pdf</a>) Thus, by and large, the present position is that while SECC database of 2011 provides a basic skeleton, each developmental scheme is now run independently based on the necessity, rather than getting bogged down to one single list of targeted families.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">Famine in India</a></li>

<li><a href="Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">Malnutrition in India</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMoyna2011" class="citation web cs1">Moyna (April 2011). "BPL's dividing line". <i>Down to the earth: Science and entertainment online</i>. cse webnet.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (help)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pewb2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pewb2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND">Poverty and Equity – India</a> The World Bank (2012)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal2023" class="citation news cs1">Iqbal, Nushaiba (5 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/1048475/how-many-people-live-below-the-poverty-line-in-india-it-could-be-34-million-or-373-million">"How many people live below the poverty line in India? It could be 34 million or 373 million"</a>. <i><a href="Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a></i>. IndiaSpend.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pbplanning-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbplanning_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbplanning_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbplanning_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbplanning_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbplanning_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/BPL16-3-07.pdf">"Sub"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-priasoft-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-priasoft_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-priasoft_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174857/http://priasoft1.tn.nic.in/rdwebsite/Central_Schemes/linkfiles/go_rd_150_06_pg251.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://priasoft1.tn.nic.in/rdwebsite/Central_Schemes/linkfiles/go_rd_150_06_pg251.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachin Kumar Jain. "Identification of the Poor: Flaws in Government Surveys." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 39, no. 46/47, 2004, pp. 4981–4984. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4415796.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Bejoy K, et al. "Multidimensional Poverty and Identification of Poor Households: A Case from Kerala, India." Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, vol. 10, no. 2, 10 June 2009, pp. 237–257. Taylor & Francis Online, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19452820902940968?scroll=top&needAccess=true.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Haan, Arjan. Rescuing Exclusion from the Poverty Debate. Vol. 517. International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University (ISS), 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://repub.eur.nl/pub/22626">https://repub.eur.nl/pub/22626</a> .</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chin, Aimee, and Nishith Prakash. "The Redistributive Effects of Political Reservation for Minorities: Evidence from India." The National Bureau of Economics, Journal of Development Economics, 2011, www.nber.org/papers/w16509.pdf.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravallion, Martin; Datt, Gaurav (30 November 1999). "Why Have Some Indian States Done Better Than Others at Reducing Rural Poverty?". <i>Policy Research Working Papers</i>. [<a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1596%2F1813-9450-1594">10.1596/1813-9450-1594</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> 1813-9450.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heshmati, Almas; Maasoumi, Esfandiar; Wan, Guanghua, eds. (2015). "Poverty Reduction Policies and Practices in Developing Asia". <i>Economic Studies in Inequality, Social Exclusion and Well-Being</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-287-420-7">10.1007/978-981-287-420-7</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> 2364-107X</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBAVADAM2010" class="citation news cs1">BAVADAM, LYLA (10 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511150949/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2708/stories/20100423270802000.htm">"No jobs, no food"</a>. <i>Frontline, Volume 24, Issue 8</i>. Chennai: The Hindu. pp. Cover Story. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2708/stories/20100423270802000.htm">the original</a> on 11 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Social_issues_in_India337" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Social_issues_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in India">Social issues in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">Famine</a></li>

<li><a href="Farmers'_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">Farmers' suicides</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_in_India" title="Labour in India">Labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_reform_in_India" title="Land reform in India">Land reforms</a></li>

<li><a href="Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Pension_System" title="National Pension System">National Pension System</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a>

<li><a href="Public_distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Public distribution system">Public distribution system</a></li>

<li><a href="Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_slums_in_India" title="List of slums in India">Slums</a>

<ul><li><a href="Slum_clearance_in_India" title="Slum clearance in India">Clearance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">Street vendors</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_basic_income_in_India" title="Universal basic income in India">Universal basic income</a></li>

<li><a href="Urbanization_in_India" title="Urbanization in India">Urbanisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment_in_India" title="Unemployment in India">Unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_inequality_in_India" title="Income inequality in India">Widening income gap</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ragging#Ragging_in_India" title="Ragging">Ragging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conservation_in_India" title="Conservation in India">Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Manual_scavenging" title="Manual scavenging">Manual scavenging</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_disasters_in_India" title="Natural disasters in India">Natural disasters</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>

<li>Water disputes</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cohabitation_in_India" title="Cohabitation in India">Cohabitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">Domestic violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Dowry_system_in_India" title="Dowry system in India">Dowry system</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint family">Joint family</a></li>

<li><a href="Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">Polyandry</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygyny_in_India" title="Polygyny in India">Polygyny</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_labour_in_India" title="Child labour in India">Child labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">Child marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_trafficking_in_India" title="Child trafficking in India">Child trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_foeticide_in_India" title="Female foeticide in India">Female foeticide</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_infanticide_in_India" title="Female infanticide in India">Female infanticide</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_children_in_India" title="Street children in India">Street children</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li>

<li><a href="Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li>

<li><a href="Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">Women's health</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Menstrual taboo</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution_in_India" title="Prostitution in India">Prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">Sexism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caste_politics" title="Caste politics">Caste politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and territories</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatist_movements_of_India" title="Separatist movements of India">Separatist movements</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Groom_kidnapping" title="Groom kidnapping">Groom kidnapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">Human trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_housing_in_India" title="Illegal housing in India">Illegal housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_scams_in_India" title="Mining scams in India">Illegal mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Organised_crime_in_India" title="Organised crime in India">Organised crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigilantism#India" title="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_police#India" title="Internet police">Cybercrime</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diabetes_in_India" title="Diabetes in India">Diabetes</a></li>

<li>Epidemics</li>

<li><a href="Leprosy_in_India" title="Leprosy in India">Leprosy</a></li>

<li><a href="Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">Malnutrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Obesity_in_India" title="Obesity in India">Obesity</a></li>

<li><a href="Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">Suicide</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuberculosis_in_India" title="Tuberculosis in India">Tuberculosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_censorship_in_India" title="Internet censorship in India">Internet</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Films about social issues</li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_expression_in_India" title="Freedom of expression in India">Freedom of expression</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_television_drama#Social_impact" title="Indian television drama">Social impact of Indian television drama</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone#India" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Homosexuality_in_India" title="Homosexuality in India">Homosexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">Prohibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_in_India" title="Disability in India">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_brutality_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Police brutality in India">Police brutality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deprivation_and_poverty_indicators303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deprivation_and_poverty_indicators303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Deprivation</a> and <a href="Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> indicators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acting_out" title="Acting out">Acting out</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li>

<li><a href="Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fush%C5%ABgaku" title="Fushūgaku">Fushūgaku</a></li>

<li><a href="Governance_failure" title="Governance failure">Governance failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Relative deprivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_deprivation" title="Social deprivation">Social deprivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">Social vulnerability</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Topics:7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cruel%2C_inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" title="Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">Learned helplessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Janet#Freud" title="Pierre Janet">psychological poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Causes_of_mental_disorders#Poverty" title="Causes of mental disorders">Poverty and mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asset_poverty" title="Asset poverty">Asset poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">Energy poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">Extreme poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_stress" title="Housing stress">Housing stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_deficit" title="Income deficit">Income deficit</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">Poverty threshold</a></li>

<li><a href="Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_poverty" title="Secondary poverty">Secondary poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Below_Poverty_Line_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Below Poverty Line (India)">Below Poverty Line (India)</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeless_Vulnerability_Index" title="Homeless Vulnerability Index">Homeless Vulnerability Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery index (economics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a></li>

<li><a href="Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a> (GPI)</li>

<li><a href="Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Poverty_gap_index" title="Poverty gap index">Poverty gap index</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_security" title="Food security">Food insecurity</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_violence#Connection_with_poverty" title="Structural violence">Poverty and violence</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="India_State_Hunger_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="India State Hunger Index">India State Hunger Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> (DALYs)</li>

<li><a href="Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a> (GPI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complex measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a> (HPI)</li>

<li><a href="Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI)</li>

<li><a href="Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a> (MPI)</li>

<li><a href="Physical_Quality_of_Life_Index" title="Physical Quality of Life Index">Physical Quality of Life Index</a> (PQLI)</li>

<li><a href="Living_Planet_Index" title="Living Planet Index">Living Planet Index</a> (LPI)</li>

<li>Progress out of Poverty Index</li>

<li><a href="Deprivation_index" title="Deprivation index">Deprivation index</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">Feminization of poverty</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Gender-related_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-related Development Index">Gender-related Development Index</a> (GDI)</li>

<li><a href="Gender_Parity_Index" title="Gender Parity Index">Gender Parity Index</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Categories: Income inequality metrics · Measurements and definitions of poverty · Social responsibility organizations</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Commons categories: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_graphics_about_poverty" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Information graphics about poverty">Information graphics about poverty</a> · <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poverty-related_maps" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Poverty-related maps">Poverty-related maps</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-12-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Below_Poverty_Line&oldid=1261994152">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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